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| Intensive care (Photo by Matt Miller, Washington University) |
Use of cannabis, commonly called marijuana, is linked to increased risk of serious illness for those with Covid-19. So says a study in the American Medical Association journal JAMA Network Open by researchers at the Washington University in St. Louis.
“There’s this sense among the public that cannabis is safe to use, that it’s not as bad for your health as smoking or drinking, that it may even be good for you,” Dr. Li-Shiun Chen, a professor of psychiatry and senior author of the study, said in a university news release.
“I think that’s because there hasn’t been as much research on the health effects of cannabis as compared to tobacco or alcohol. What we found is that cannabis use is not harmless in the context of Covid-19. People who reported . . . current cannabis use, at any frequency, were more likely to require hospitalization and intensive care than those who did not use cannabis.”
Cannabis use differed from tobacco smoking in one key measurement: survival. While smokers were significantly more likely to die of Covid-19 than nonsmokers — a finding that fits with numerous other studies — the same was not true of cannabis users, the news release said.
“The independent effect of cannabis is similar to the independent effect of tobacco regarding the risk of hospitalization and intensive care,” Chen said. “For the risk of death, tobacco risk is clear but more evidence is needed for cannabis.”
Cannabis use differed from tobacco smoking in one key measurement: survival. While smokers were significantly more likely to die of Covid-19 than nonsmokers — a finding that fits with numerous other studies — the same was not true of cannabis users, the news release said.
“The independent effect of cannabis is similar to the independent effect of tobacco regarding the risk of hospitalization and intensive care,” Chen said. “For the risk of death, tobacco risk is clear but more evidence is needed for cannabis.”
The researchers analyzed the health records of 72,501 people seen for Covid-19 at BJC HealthCare hospitals and clinics in Missouri and Illinois during the first two years of the pandemic. They "found that people who reported using any form of cannabis at least once in the year before developing Covid-19 were significantly more likely to need hospitalization and intensive care than were people with no such history," the release says. "This elevated risk of severe illness was on par with that from smoking."
The records contained demographic characteristics; medical conditions; use of substances including tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and vaping; and hospitalization, admittance to an intensive-care unit, and survival.
"Covid-19 patients who reported that they had used cannabis in the previous year were 80% more likely to be hospitalized and 27% more likely to be admitted to the ICU than patients who had not used cannabis, after taking into account tobacco smoking, vaccination, other health conditions, date of diagnosis, and demographic factors," the release says. "For comparison, tobacco smokers with Covid-19 were 72% more likely to be hospitalized and 22% more likely to require intensive care than were nonsmokers, after adjusting for other factors. These results contradict some other research suggesting that cannabis may help the body fight off viral diseases such as Covid-19.
Chen said, “Most of the evidence suggesting that cannabis is good for you comes from studies in cells or animals. The advantage of our study is that it is in people and uses real-world health-care data collected across multiple sites over an extended time period. All the outcomes were verified: hospitalization, ICU stay, death. Using this data set, we were able to confirm the well-established effects of smoking, which suggests that the data are reliable.”
The release says, "The study was not designed to answer the question of why cannabis use might make Covid-19 worse. One possibility is that inhaling marijuana smoke injures delicate lung tissue and makes it more vulnerable to infection, in much the same way that tobacco smoke causes lung damage that puts people at risk of pneumonia, the researchers said. That isn’t to say that taking edibles would be safer than smoking joints. It is also possible that cannabis, which is known to suppress the immune system, undermines the body’s ability to fight off viral infections no matter how it is consumed, the researchers noted."
“We just don’t know whether edibles are safer,” said first author Nicholas Griffith, MD, a medical resident at Washington University, who was a medical student therev when he led the study. “People were asked a yes-or-no question: ‘Have you used cannabis in the past year?’ That gave us enough information to establish that if you use cannabis, your health-care journey will be different, but we can’t know how much cannabis you have to use, or whether it makes a difference whether you smoke it or eat edibles. Those are questions we’d really like the answers to. I hope this study opens the door to more research on the health effects of cannabis.”
"Covid-19 patients who reported that they had used cannabis in the previous year were 80% more likely to be hospitalized and 27% more likely to be admitted to the ICU than patients who had not used cannabis, after taking into account tobacco smoking, vaccination, other health conditions, date of diagnosis, and demographic factors," the release says. "For comparison, tobacco smokers with Covid-19 were 72% more likely to be hospitalized and 22% more likely to require intensive care than were nonsmokers, after adjusting for other factors. These results contradict some other research suggesting that cannabis may help the body fight off viral diseases such as Covid-19.
Chen said, “Most of the evidence suggesting that cannabis is good for you comes from studies in cells or animals. The advantage of our study is that it is in people and uses real-world health-care data collected across multiple sites over an extended time period. All the outcomes were verified: hospitalization, ICU stay, death. Using this data set, we were able to confirm the well-established effects of smoking, which suggests that the data are reliable.”
The release says, "The study was not designed to answer the question of why cannabis use might make Covid-19 worse. One possibility is that inhaling marijuana smoke injures delicate lung tissue and makes it more vulnerable to infection, in much the same way that tobacco smoke causes lung damage that puts people at risk of pneumonia, the researchers said. That isn’t to say that taking edibles would be safer than smoking joints. It is also possible that cannabis, which is known to suppress the immune system, undermines the body’s ability to fight off viral infections no matter how it is consumed, the researchers noted."
“We just don’t know whether edibles are safer,” said first author Nicholas Griffith, MD, a medical resident at Washington University, who was a medical student therev when he led the study. “People were asked a yes-or-no question: ‘Have you used cannabis in the past year?’ That gave us enough information to establish that if you use cannabis, your health-care journey will be different, but we can’t know how much cannabis you have to use, or whether it makes a difference whether you smoke it or eat edibles. Those are questions we’d really like the answers to. I hope this study opens the door to more research on the health effects of cannabis.”
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